LOCATION VOLINIA INEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Argiudolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Volinia loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 820 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; many very fine and fine roots between peds; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (8 to 12 inches)
2Bt1--9 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots between peds; many very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
2Bt2--13 to 23 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) gravelly sandy clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots between peds; common very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 27 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 10 to 20 inches.)
3Bt3--23 to 33 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) gravelly loamy coarse sand; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots between peds; common very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 23 percent gravel; neutral; clear irregular boundary.
3Bt4--33 to 45 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common very fine and fine roots between peds; common very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay bridging between sand grains; 6 percent gravel; neutral; clear irregular boundary.
3Bt5--45 to 58 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay bridging between sand grains; 4 percent gravel; neutral; clear irregular boundary. (Combined thickness of the 3Bt horizon is 5 to 40 inches.)
3C--58 to 80 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) stratified gravelly sand and gravelly coarse sand; single grain; loose; 23 percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Elkhart County, Indiana; about 1 mile southeast of Goshen; 80 feet north and 758 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 26, T. 36 N., R. 6 E.; U.S.G.S. Goshen topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 32 minutes 18 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 47 minutes 31 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 600769 easting and 4599230 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 40 to 70 inches
Depth to carbonates: 40 to 70 inches
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 20 to 28 inches
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loam
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
2Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy clay loam or clay loam, or their gravelly analogues
Clay content: 18 to 30 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Rock fragment content: 5 to 30 percent
3Bt or BCt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, coarse sand, or sand, or their gravelly analogues
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
Rock fragment content: 2 to 30 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 5 percent
3C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: stratified sand to very gravelly coarse sand
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Rock fragment content: averages from 10 to 45 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 50 percent
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Volinia soils loamy outwash and the underlying sandy and gravelly outwash and are on outwash plains. Slope gradients range from 0 to 1 percent. .Mean annual temperature ranges from 50 to 52 degrees F., mean annual precipitation ranges from 32 to 42 inches, frost-free period ranges from 150 to 180 days, and elevation ranges from 600 to 1,530 feet above sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bainter, Brady, Desker, Fox, Gilford, and Oshtemo soils. The well drained Bainter, Fox, and Oshtemo soils and the somewhat excessively drained Desker soils do not have a mollic epipedon and are on similar landforms. The somewhat poorly drained Brady soils are on slightly lower lying landforms. The poorly drained or very poorly drained Gilford soils are in depressions.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum, rapid in the lower part, and very rapid in the underlying material.
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are mostly used to grow corn, soybeans, and small grain. Native vegetation is tall prairie grass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 111 in northern Indiana. The soils are of small extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: McHenry County, Illinois, 1960.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to 23 inches (Ap, 2Bt1, 2Bt2)
Argillic horizon: from 9 to 58 inches (2Bt1, 2Bt2, 3Bt3, 3Bt4, 3Bt5)
NASIS Data Mapunit ID 124334 represents the typical pedon.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available for the typical pedon (S93IN-039-10) from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. Transect data is on file for the typical pedon (T93IN-039-143:146) at the MLRA project office, Plymouth, Indiana. Transects show 45 percent Volinia, 43 percent Nineveh, 5 percent Billet, 5 percent Troxel, and 2 percent Carmi soils.