LOCATION TORONTO IN+ILEstablished Series
The Toronto series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loess or other silty material and in the underlying calcareous loamy till. These soils are moderately permeable in the solum and moderately slowly permeable in the underlying material. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. The mean annual temperature is about 52 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 37 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Udollic Epiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Toronto silt loam on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 730 feet. (Colors are for moist soils unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 9 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (7 to 9 inches thick)
Eg--9 to 12 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 5 inches thick)
Btl--12 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many prominent continuous dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; many medium faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--16 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common distinct continuous dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3--25 to 32 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common distinct continuous dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 15 to 33 inches.)
2BCt--32 to 53 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint patchy light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary (5 to 25 inches thick).
2C--53 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam; massive; firm; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: White County, Indiana; 420 feet east and 1770 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 13, T. 25 N., R. 6 W.;USGS Round Grove topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 36 minutes 48.3 seconds N. and long. 87 degrees 3 minutes 21.9 seconds W. (495255e and 4495925n UTM), NAD-83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The depth to the base of soil development ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The depth to horizons with more than 15 percent sand ranges from 22 to 40 inches. The depth to carbonates ranges from 35 to 60 inches. The particle-size control section averages between 27 and 35 percent clay.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is silt loam. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral.
The Eg, EB, or BE horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is silt loam. Reaction is strongly acid or moderately acid.
The Bt or Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4, and has redoximorphic features. It is dominantly silty clay loam, but is silt loam in the upper part of some pedons. Clay content ranges from 24 to 38 percent in individual subhorizons. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper part and ranges to neutral in the lower part.
The 2BCt, 2BCtg, 2Bt, or 2Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is loam or clay loam. Sand content average ranges from 25 to 45 percent and rock fragment content ranges from 1 to 10 percent. Reaction ranged from moderately acid to neutral in the upper part and ranges to moderately alkaline in the lower part..
The 2C or 2Cg horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loam or silt loam. Clay content ranges from 20 to 27 percent; sand content ranges from 25 to 45 percent; and rock fragment content ranges from 2 to 15 percent. It is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and contains free carbonates.
COMPETING SERIES: No other series are in the same family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Toronto soils are on rises on till plains of Wisconsinan Age. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. They formed in 22 to 40 inches of loess or other silty material and in the underlying calcareous loamy till. Mean annual temperature ranges from 46 to 57 degrees F., mean annual precipitation ranges from 29 to 45 inches, frost free period ranges from 160 to 200 days, and elevation ranges from 340 to 1,300 feet above sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Chalmers, Drummer, Fincastle, Millbrook, Raub and Wingate soils. The poorly drained Chalmers and Drummer soils are in depressions. The moderately well drained Wingate soils are on higher lying rises. Fincastle soils have lighter colored surface layers and are on similar landscape positions. Millbrook soils are on similar landscape positions but have the lower part of the sola formed in outwash. Raub soils are on similar landscape positions but have mollic epipedons.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is low. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderately slow in the underlying material. The depth to the top of the perched seasonal high water table ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 feet during the fall and spring in most years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all areas are cropped to corn and soybeans. Wheat is the principal small grain. Native vegetation is mixed forest and prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 111, 110, 108, and 114 in west central Indiana and eastern Illinois. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Vermillion County, Indiana, 1930.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade) - 0 to 12 inches (Ap and Eg); albic horizon - 9 to 12 inches (Eg); argillic horizon 12 to 32 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3); aquic conditions - redoximorphic features in all horizons below the Ap horizon.