LOCATION OCHEYEDAN IA+MNEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Ocheyedan loam with a convex slope of about 1 percent - cultivated. (Colors are for moist conditions unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); black (10YR 2/1) loam; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
A--18 to 36 cm (7 to 14 inches); black (10YR 2/1) loam; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; a few brown (10YR 4/3) earthworm casts; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the A horizons is 25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 inches.)]
Bw1--36 to 53 cm (14 to 21 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; a few black (10YR 2/1) earthworm casts; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.
Bw2--53 to 66 cm (21 to 26 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; a few black (10YR 2/1) earthworm casts; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.
Bw3--66 to 86 cm (26 to 34 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) heavy fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many pores about 1/16 inch in diameter; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bw horizons is 41 to 61 cm (16 to 24 inches.)]
2BC--86 to 112 cm (34 to 44 inches); mixed dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) redox concentrations; noneffervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. [10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 inches thick)]
2Cg--112 to 165 cm (44 to 65 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt loam; massive; friable; common fine and medium very pale brown (10YR 8/2) masses of carbonate; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish red (5YR 4/6) redox concentrations; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary
3C--165 to 203 cm (65 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, 4/6) clay loam, massive; firm; common fine and medium very pale brown (10YR 8/2) masses of calcium carbonate; about 3 percent gravel; common medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) redox depletions; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Clay County, Iowa; about 1 1/4 miles northwest of Everly; about 293 m (960 feet) north and 216 m ( 710 feet) east of the southwest corner of sec. 28, T. 97 N., R. 38 W. ; USGS Everly, IA Topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 11 minutes 11 seconds N and long. 95 degrees 20 minutes 44 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to carbonates ranges from 51 to 140 cm (20 to 55 inches). Typically, the soil lacks rock fragments in the upper material but some pedons have as much as 6 percent and has 0 to 10 percent rock fragments in the underlying loamy glacial till.
The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture is typically loam but includes clay loam. Reaction is moderately acid to neutral.
The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loam, sandy clay loam, sandy loam or fine sandy loam. Reaction is slightly acid to neutral.
The 2BC or 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 1 through 6. Textures are variable and include silt loam, sandy loam and sandy clay loam. In a few pedons the 2C horizon contains lenses of loamy sand less than 15 cm ( 6 inches) thick which are interbedded with the silt loam material. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
The 3C or 3BC horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is loam or clay loam. It is friable or firm. The reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
A lacustrine substratum phase is recognized below depths of 152 cm (60 inches). The range includes hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Textures include silt loam, silty clay loam, silty clay and clay. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Arbor Aredale, Bode, Clarion, Everly, Farrar, Frontenac, Garmore, Kenyon, Liscomb, Moland, Ostrander, and Rossfield series in the same family. Arbor soils average 30 to 35 percent clay in the control section and are formed partly in firm glacial till with higher bulk density. Aredale soils are more acid, have somewhat higher silt content in the upper part of the solum, and are typically shallower to glacial till. Bode soils have 28 to 36 percent clay in the upper part of the solum and lack evident textural stratification in the solum and C horizon. Clarion and Garmore soils do not have a two story profile. Everly soils have firm till in the lower third of the series control section. Farrar soils have more coarse fragments in the lower part of the solum, being formed partly in glacial till within depths of 46 to 91 cm (18 to 36 inches). Frontenac soils have greater than 35 percent coarse fragments within depths of less than 102 cm (40 inches). Kenyon soils have a more acid, firm 2B horizon and lack stratification in the lower part of the 2B and 2C horizons. Liscomb soils are less stratified in the solum and C horizon and formed partly in firm glacial till with higher bulk density. Moland and Ostrander soils have less stratification in the lower part of the solum and contain more rock fragments in the lower part of the solum. Rossfield soils formed partly in weathered limestone and have channers and flags of limestone in the lower part of the solum and the C horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Ocheyedan soils typically are on nearly level to undulating uplands, moraines or glacial outwash terraces. Slopes are convex or linear. Slope gradients commonly are 1 to 5 percent but range from 0 to 9 percent. These soils formed in loamy glacial sediments of mixed lithology typically overlying till. Mean annual air temperature is approximately 7 to 9 degrees C (45 to 49 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is approximately 640 to 762 mm (26 to 30 inches). Frost-free period ranges from 155 to 200 days. Elevation ranges from 244 to 479 m (800 to 1,570 feet).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Bolan, Clarion, Dickinson, Dickman, Fostoria, and the competing Everly soils are the most common landscape associates. Bolan, Dickinson, and Dickman soils are coarser textured. Fostoria soils have lower chroma in the B horizon. The Clarion and Everly soils are on similar landscape positions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Surface runoff is very low to medium. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is 4.23 to 14.11 micrometers per second (.6 to 2.00 inches). Saturation is seasonally high at depths of about 122 cm (4 feet) during the months of April through June in normal years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Commonly cropped to corn, soybeans, small grain, and legume hay. The native vegetation is tall grass prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Iowa and southern Minnesota. The series is moderate in extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clay County, Iowa, 1973.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: mollic epipedon - the zone from 0 to 36 cm (0 to 14 inches) (Ap and A horizons); cambic horizon - the zone from 36 to 112 cm (14 to 44 inches) (Bw1, Bw2, Bw3, and 2BC horizons); udic moisture regime.
This series concept previously did not recognize soil saturation in the lower third of the series control section. Based on redox features and field observations, the concept was changed to that of a soil with saturation in the lower part of the pedon in spring. This is similar to how the Clarion soils changed in the past also.
A lacustrine substratum phase has been correlated in Clay County, Iowa and is of very minor extent. It is on a lake plain.
In parts of the MLRA this drainage class is called well drained based on the Soil Survey Manual. Drainage class is a state interpretation.