LOCATION NEWHAVEN ILEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Argiudolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Newhaven loam - in a nearly level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; few fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
A--7 to 15 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Ap and A horizons ranges from 10 to 20 inches.)
Bt1--15 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; common fine faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; weak fine prismatic structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; friable; few very fine roots; many distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds; few fine and medium rounded accumulations (iron and manganese oxides); 2 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--22 to 30 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium prismatic structure; firm; few very fine roots; many distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few fine rounded accumulations (iron and manganese oxides); 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt3--30 to 40 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) mottles; moderate coarse prismatic structure; firm; few very fine roots; many distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; 4 percent gravel; medium acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
2Bt4--40 to 47 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds; medium acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon ranges from 15 to 45 inches.)
2E&Bt--47 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loamy sand (E part) and dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy loam (Bt part); weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable (E part); moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable (Bt part); few distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds and bridging sand grains (Bt part); lamella are 1/2 to 2 inches thick; medium acid.
TYPE LOCATION: White County, Illinois; about 7 miles south of Carmi; 1,620 feet west and 1,680 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 20, T. 6 S., R. 10 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The series control section ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches in thickness. The thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 10 to 20 inches. The control section averages less than 15 percent gravel.
The Ap or A horizon has value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 1 or 2. It ranges from medium acid to mildly alkaline.
The upper part of the control section (Bt horizon) has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 through 6 and chroma of 2 through 4. It averages between 18 and 35 percent clay and between 15 and 50 percent fine sand or coarser. Individual subhorizons have as little as 10 percent clay and as much as 75 percent sand. It ranges from very strongly acid to neutral.
The lower part of the control section (2E&Bt horizons) average less than 15 percent clay and more then 65 percent sand. The E part of some pedons have as much as 98 percent sand. Lamellae range from 1/2 to 6 inches in thickness. Reaction ranges from medium acid to neutral.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Andres, Aztalan, Crane, Darroch, Gilboa, La Hogue, Le Sueur, Marcellon, Mokena, Nachusa, Nenno, Odell, Protivin, and Wilmer series. All competitors are dryer in the moisture control section and cooler in the temperature control section at a depth of 20 inches. In addition, Andres, Aztalan, Gilboa, Le Sueur, Marcellon, Mokena, Odell, Protivin, and Vigar soils average more than 15 percent clay in the lower part of the control section. Crane soils have more than 15 percent gravel in the lower part of the control section. Darroch and Nenno soils have a series control section that does not extend below a depth of 40 inches. La Hogue soils average less than 65 percent sand in the lower part of the control section. Vigar soils have a mollic epipedon greater than 24 inches in thickness.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Newhaven soils are on summits of stream terraces and on high flood plains. They formed in loamy and sandy outwash of mixed mineralogy thought to be of Wisconsinan Age. Slope gradients range from 0 to 2 percent. The average annual temperature ranges from about 54 to 57 degrees F, and the average annual precipitation ranges from about 40 to 45 inches.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Geff, Meadowbank, and Ruark soils. Geff soils are silty in the upper part of the profile, have light colored surface layers, and are on similar positions. Meadowbank soils are better drained and are higher on the landscape. The poorly drained Ruark soils are in lower positions
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Runoff is slow. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the profile and rapid in the lower part.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used to grow to corn, soybeans, small grain, and meadow. Native vegetation is prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern and south-central Illinois and possibly southern Indiana. Extent is small.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: White County, Illinois, 1990.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: mollic epipedon - 0 to 15 inches (Ap and A horizons); argillic horizon - 15 to 80 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, and Bt4 horizons and lamella in the E&Bt horizon). Aquic features - mottles and coatings on faces of peds with chroma of 2 within 15 cm of the base of the mollic epipedon.