LOCATION MANAWA WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Manawa silt loam - on a 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 715 feet above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; friable; common fine roots; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick)
E--9 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) silt loam; moderate thin platy structure; friable; common fine roots; few fine prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; clear irregular boundary. (0 to 5 inches thick)
2Bt1--12 to 17 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few streaks of gray (5YR 5/1) along root channels; many prominentclay films; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few dolomite gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
2Bt2--17 to 21 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay; strong medium angular blocky structure; very firm; streaks of dark gray (5YR 4/1) along root channels; many prominennt clay films; common fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct reddish gray (5YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few dolomite gravel; slightly alkaline, clear wavy boundary.
2Bt3--21 to 30 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; very firm;; few distinct clay films; many medium distinct gray (5YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few dolomite gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of Bt horizons ranges from 14 to 35 inches)
2C--30 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine distinct reddish gray (5YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few dolomite gravel; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Milwaukee County, Wisconsin; about 1 1/2 miles northeast of Brown Deer; 2,140 feet south and 200 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 1, T. 8 N., R. 21 E. USGS Thiensville, Wisconsin topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 11 minutes 11 seconds N., and long. 87 degrees 56 minutes 43 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon ranges from 20 to 50 inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The thickness of the loess mantle ranges from 0 to 20 inches. The particle-size control section averages 35 to 60 percent clay and 10 to 30 percent fine sand or coarser. Rock fragments are absent in the loess mantle. Volume of gravel ranges from 1 to 12 percent in the till. Volume of cobbles and stones ranges from 0 to 2 percent in the till. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the upper part of the solum and from slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the lower part. Reaction is slightly or moderately alkaline in the substratum. Carbonates are in the C horizon and, in some pedons, are in the lower part of the B horizon. Redox accumulations are below the A horizon and redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and saturation are within the upper 10 inches of the argillic horizon.
The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture typically is silt loam or silty clay loam, but the range includes sandy loam.
The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam and atypically silty clay loam.
The 2Bt horizon (Bt horizon in pedons without a silty mantle) has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture tyically is silty clay or clay, but subhorizons in some pedons are silty clay loam or clay loam.
The 2C horizon (C horizon in pedons without a silty mantle) has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Value and chroma of 3 do not occur together. Texture is typically silty clay or clay and atypically silty clay
loam or clay loam.
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Sees series. Sees soils have hues yellower than 7.5YR throughout the Bt horizons and C horizons.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Manawa soils are in drainageways and shallow depressions and on foot slope positions of ground moraines, end moraines, and recessional moraines. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. Manawa soils formed in clayey till,
typically with a thin mantle of loess or other silty deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 26 to 35 inches. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 45 to 53 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Kewaunee,
Oshkosh,
Peebles,
Poygan,
Winneconne, and
Zittau soils. The moderately well drained and well drained Kewaunee and poorly drained Poygan form a drainage sequence with the somewhat poorly drained Manawa soils. Oshkosh soils are better drained and are
on slightly higher rises. Peebles soils have a mollic epipedon and better natural drainage. Winneconne soils are nearby on better drained landscape positions. Zittau soils are on outwash plains and stream benches.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges from negligible to high. Permeability is slow. These soil shave a perched seasonal high water table a depth of 1 to 2.5 feet.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for cropland. A few areas are used for pastureland or woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods and conifers.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Wisconsin. The Manawa soils are extensive.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, 1970.
REMARKS: 12/04 5700 acres of Manawa were correlated in Door County as a temperature taxadjunct because they are in the frigid temperature zone. A new series is needed for these acres.
12/04 This series previously included 2 different parent materials (clayey till and clayey lacustrine deposits). This revision redefines this series as being formed in clayey till only. A new series is needed for 3750 acres correlated in
Juneau County as being formed in clayey lacustrine deposits. In addition, a portion of the acreage correlated in surveys in Brown, Calumet-Manitowoc, Fond du Lac, Green Lake, Outagamie, and Waushara Counties may be formed in clayey lacustrine deposits. A new series will be needed for these acres when these
surveys are updated.
12/04 Lab data for 1 pedon from Calumet County and 1 pedon from Fond du Lac County shows high bulk density (1.84 2.0) in the till. Further study is needed to determine if the series concept should be changed to dense till.
Diagnostic horizons and feature recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - 0 to 12 inches (Ap, E); argillic horizon - 12 to 30 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3); aquic feature - redox depletions with chroma of 2 and saturation in the upper 10 inches of the argillic horizon; mollic subgroup - Ap horizon with color value
and chroma, moist, less than 4 and color value, dry, less than 6.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to soil survey sample numbers 60WI015001 and 59WI039004 for NSSL data on two pedons of Manawa.