LOCATION LACKAWANNA PA NJ NY VAEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Fragiudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Lackawanna channery silt loam - cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
Ap-- 0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many roots; 25 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (5 to 11 inches thick.)
Bw1-- 8 to 13 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) channery silt loam; weak thin platy structure parting to weak fine granular; friable; many roots; 25 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bw2-- 13 to 26 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) channery loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few faint clay films on faces of peds; many roots; 25 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness 6 to 25 inches.)
Bx-- 26 to 52 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) channery loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak thick platy; very firm, brittle, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few faint clay films on plates and in pores; 30 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary. (20 to 45 inches thick.)
C-- 52 to 60 inches; weak red (10R 4/3) channery loam; massive; firm; 30 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania; Springville Township; 0.75 mile west of village of Lynn on Route T343, 100 feet north of road. Springville, PA USGS topographic quadrangle. Latitude 41 degrees, 40 minutes, 39 seconds N. and Longitude 75 degrees, 56 minutes, 58 seconds W. NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 75 inches or more. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Depth to top of the fragipan ranges from 17 to 36 inches. Rock fragments are of subangular or subrounded sandstone, siltstone or shale, and range from 10 to 40 percent by volume in individual horizons above the fragipan and from 15 to 65 percent in the fragipan and in the substratum. The control section, from about 10 inches to the top of the fragipan, contains less than 35 percent rock fragments by volume. The particle size control section averages more than 60 percent silt plus very fine sand. Reaction, where unlimed, ranges from extremely acid through moderately acid above the fragipan and ranges from extremely acid through moderately acid in the fragipan and C horizons.
The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR through 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 through 4. Some undisturbed pedons have thin A horizons with hue of 5YR through 10YR, value of 2 through 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is loam, silt loam or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction.
Some undisturbed pedons have an E horizon with hue of 5YR through 10YR, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction.
Some undisturbed pedons have a thin Bhs horizon.
The Bw horizon has hue of 2.5YR through 10YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 3 through 6. Texture is loam, silt loam or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction.
The Bx horizon has hue of 10R through 5YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 4. Some pedons are mottled and have faces of prisms with hue of 10R through 7.5YR, value of 5 through 7, and chroma of 2 through 8. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction. The interiors of very coarse prisms of the fragipan are typically platy, or platy and blocky, but are massive in some pedons. A thin E' horizon immediately above the Bx horizon is allowed.
Color and texture of the C horizon is similar to the Bx horizon. Some pedons have a Cd horizon.
COMPETING SERIES: The Bath, Braceville, Broadalbin, Ira, Mardin, Rushford (T), Sodus, Swartswood, Wellsboro, and Wurtsboro series in the same family. Bath, Braceville, Broadalbin, and Mardin soils have hue of 7.5YR or yellower in the fragipan. Ira, Sodus, Swartswood, and Wurtsboro soils have less than 60 percent silt plus very fine sand in the particle size control section. Rushford soils have a nearly rock fragment free 2Bx and 2C horizon. Wellsboro soils have redoximorphic features above the fragipan
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lackawanna soils are on nearly level to steep glaciated uplands. Slope ranges from 0 to 55 percent. The soils developed in firm till derived from reddish sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Mean annual temperature ranges from 45 to 50 degrees F., mean annual precipitation ranges from 32 to 50 inches, and mean annual frost-free season ranges from 110 to 165 days. The elevation of these soils ranges from 750 to 1800 feet above sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Wellsboro, Morris, and Norwich soils are in the same drainage sequence with Lackawanna. Arnot, Lordstown, and Oquaga soils are nearby. Wellsboro soils have redoximorphic features above the fragipan. Morris soils have redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less on ped faces or in the matrix if peds are absent within 20 inches of the surface, and have a subhorizon between 7 and 30 inches that has redox concentrations with chroma of 3 or more. Norwich soils have dominant chromas of 2 or less in all horizons below the Ap or 6 inches. Arnot, Lordstown, and Oquaga soils have bedrock within 40 inches.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is low to very high. Permeability is moderate in the surface layer and the upper part of the subsoil, and slow or very slow in the lower part of the subsoil (fragipan) and the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most nearly level to sloping areas have been cleared and are used for growing hay, small grain, corn, pasture, and potatoes, or are idle. A significant acreage has reverted to woodland or brush. Woodlots contain sugar maple, American beech, red oak, white pine and birch.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The glaciated Allegheny Plateau of southern New York, northern Pennsylvania and possibly New Jersey. MLRA 140 and 144A. The series is extensive.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 1911.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of about 8 inches (Ap horizon).
2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 8 inches to a depth of about 26 inches (Bw1 and Bw2 horizons).
3. Fragipan - the zone from 26 inches to a depth of about 52 inches (Bx horizon).
4. Udic soil moisture regime.
5. CEC activity class of active estimated.
Pedon classification changed by 8th edition of Keys To Taxonomy. Lackawanna was originally classified as Fragiochrepts.
CEC activity class of active based on lab data from S87NY025-01 to keep it in line with other soils in the catena that appear to be active such Wellsboro and Morris.
Undisturbed areas have some pedons with a thin Bhs horizon that does not meet criteria for horizon thickness and depth for the Spodosol order (Soil Taxonomy, Second Edition, 1999).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data for S58-Pa-057-2 is for a pedon near the typifying pedon.