LOCATION KOSCIUSKO INEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Kosciusko sandy loam - on a 1 percent convex slope in cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 11 inches thick)
Bt1--8 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; thin patchy reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--15 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; thin discontinuous dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of Bt horizon is 10 to 30 inches.)
Bt3--23 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; thin patchy dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) clay films on pebbles; 20 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
BC--30 to 34 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few fine roots; 20 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. (8 to 20 inches.)
2C--34 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very gravelly coarse sand; single grained; loose; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Steuben County, Indiana; 850 feet north and 2,100 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 12, T. 37 N., R. 12 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The thickness of the solum and depth to calcareous very gravelly coarse sand ranges from 24 to 40 inches. The average content of coarse fragments range from 0 to 20 percent in the A horizon, 15 to 35 percent in the Bt horizon, and 20 to 45 percent in the BC horizon. The solum ranges from slightly acid to strongly acid in the upper part and strongly acid to mildly alkaline in the lower part.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is sandy loam or loam or gravelly analogues of these textures. Eroded areas are sandy clay loam or gravelly sandy clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 3 to 6. It is gravelly sandy clay loam, or gravelly sandy loam. Weighted average clay content is 18 to 27 percent with 55 to 70 percent sand content.
The BC horizon can have the same colors as the Bt. It is gravelly or very gravelly sandy loam or loamy sand. Tongues of the BC extend into the 2C horizon for a few inches to several feet at varying intervals. A thin "Beta B" is at the contact of the solum and the 2C horizon in most pedons.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Belmont,
Belmore,
Chili,
Coggon,
Conestoga,
Council,
Douds,
El Dara,
Gallman,
Grellton,
Hayden,
Hebron,
Hickory,
High Gap,
Hollinger,
Kalamazoo,
Kanawha,
Kendallville,
Kennan,
Kidder,
Leroy,
Letort,
Lindley,
Mandeville,
Martinsville,
McHenry,
Miami,
Mifflin,
Military,
Norden,
Ockley,
Owosso,
Pecatonica,
Princeton,
Rawson,
Relay,
Renova,
Richland,
Riddles,
Rockbridge, Roseville,
Sisson,
Strawn,
Summitville,
Theresa,
Wawasee,
Westville,
Whalan, and
Woodbine. The Belmont, Conestoga, Council, Hollinger, Letort, Mandeville, Miffin, Relay, Richland, Summitville, Whalan, and Woodbine soils have solum formed all or in part from residuum. Belmore soils have more fines in the Bt and 2C horizons and Chili soils have solum formed in low-lime outwash. Coggon, Hayden, Hickory, Kendallville, Kidder, Leroy, Lindley, McHenry, Miami, Pecatonica, Renova, Riddles, Roseville, Strawn, Wawasee, and Westville soils have solum formed all or in part from glacial till. Douds, El Dara, Kalamazoo, Kanawha, Kennan, Martinsville, Owosso, Princeton, and Sisson soils have less gravel in the solum. Gallman soils have solum more than 55 inches thick. Grellton, Hebron, Ockley, Rockbridge, and Theresa soils have more silt and less gravel in the upper part of the solum. High Gap, Military, and Norden soils are underlain by bedrock within a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Rawson soils have fine or moderately fine textured Bt and 2C horizons.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kosciusko soils are on outwash plains, kames, and moraines that have plane or convex surfaces. The slope gradient is 0 to 18 percent. The soils formed in loamy outwash containing 15 to 35 percent gravel overlying stratified calcareous, very gravelly coarse sand. The mean annual temperature ranges from 45 to 55 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation ranges from 35 to 40 inches.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Boyer, Casco, Ockley, Oshtemo, and Sebewa soils. Boyer soils are on similar slopes but are coarse-loamy. Casco soils are on similar slopes but have thinner solum. Ockley and Oshtemo soils are on nearby landscapes and have thicker solum. Sebewa soils are on nearby landscapes and have mollic epipedons and skeletal control sections.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is slow or medium. Permeability is moderate in the solum and very rapid in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Almost all of soils are cultivated. Corn and soybeans are the principal row crops. Native vegetation was hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Indiana. The acreage is of moderate extent, about 25,000 acres.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Steuben County, Indiana, 1979.
REMARKS: These soils are proposed for areas previously included with Fox, but lack the clay content of the Bt, have 15 to 35 percent gravel in the solum and lack contrasting textures within the series control section.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory data available on 4 pedons at the Purdue Soils Lab. No. K07503, K07502, ST7302, and NO6901.