LOCATION KIMMELL INEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Kimmell loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 883 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; 1 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 11 inches thick)
BE--8 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores with moderate continuity; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix; many fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick)
Bt1--12 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores with low continuity; many distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix; many medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--22 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores with low continuity; many distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; few medium dark gray (10YR 4/1) irregular soft clay bodies in cracks; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Btk--32 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores with low continuity; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; few medium dark gray (10YR 4/1) irregular soft clay bodies in cracks; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) irregular slightly hard masses of carbonate in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 45 inches.)
Cd1--37 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure; prisms range from 2 to 5 inches across; very firm; common very fine roots in cracks; many prominent gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of peds; few medium distinct white (10YR 8/1) irregular soft masses of carbonate between prisms; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix ; common medium distinct grayish brown 10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Cd2--43 to 53 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure; prisms range from 5 to 15 inches across; very firm; common very fine roots in cracks; many prominent gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of peds; few medium distinct white (10YR 8/1) irregular soft masses of carbonate between prisms; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Cd3--53 to 64 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak very thick platy; prisms range from 5 to 15 inches across; very firm; many prominent gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings on bottoms of plates; few medium distinct white (10YR 8/1) irregular soft masses of carbonate between prisms; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Cd4--64 to 75 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak very thick platy; vertical faces of prisms fan out into horizontal planes; very firm; very few prominent gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings on bottoms of plates; few medium distinct white (10YR 8/1) irregular soft masses of carbonate between plates; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Cd horizon is 30 to 80 inches.)
2C1--75 to 100 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sand and sand; single grain; loose; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
2C2--100 to 100 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly coarse sand; single grain; loose; 25 percent gravel; strongly effervescent: moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Elkhart County, Indiana; about 2 miles east of Millersburg; 2,525 feet south and 125 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 36, T. 36 N., R. 7 E.; U.S.G.S. Millersburg, IN topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 31 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 39 minutes 19 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 612182 easting and 4598535 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 30 to 60 inches
Depth to carbonates: 26 to 60 inches
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 48 percent clay
Depth to sand: 60 to 120 inches
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4, 6 or more dry
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loam
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
E horizon: (where present)
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 3
Bt, Btg, Btk, BCt, or BCg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Redoximorphic features: common to many
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, clay, or silty clay
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the upper part and slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the lower part; carbonates are present in the lower part in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Cd horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Redoximorphic features are present
Texture: silty clay loam or clay loam
Clay content: 27 to 35 percent clay
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 35 percent
2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: fine sand, sand, or gravelly coarse sand
Sand content: averages more than 85 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Rock fragment content: 0 to 30 percent gravel
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 35 percent
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bennington, Blount, Del Rey, Fulton, Mahoning, and Nappanee series. Bennington and Del Rey soils do not have a densic contact with till in the lower part of the series control section. Blount soils average more than 5 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Fulton soils have more than 35 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Mahoning soils have a calcium carbonate equivalent of less than 20 percent in the lower part of the series control section. Nappanee soils do not occur on outwash floored till plains; soil properties within the series control section overlap with Kimmell soils.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kimmell soils formed in 5 to 10 feet of silty clay loam or clay loam till of Wisconsinan Age over sandy outwash and are on swells on outwash floored till plains. Slope gradients range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual temperature ranges from 50 to 52 degrees F., mean annual precipitation ranges from 32 to 40 inches, frost-free period ranges from 150 to 180 days, and elevation ranges from 600 to 1,530 feet above sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Blount, Cosperville, Glynwood, Morley, and Pewamo soils. The somewhat poorly drained Blount soils are on higher lying swells on till plains. The well drained Cosperville soils are on higher lying swells and knolls on till plains and moraines. The moderately well drained Glynwood and Morley soils are on higher lying knolls, or summits and backslopes on till plains. The very poorly drained Pewamo soils are in depressions on till plains.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is low or medium. Permeability is moderately slow in the solum, slow in the till substratum, and rapid in the underlying sandy outwash. The depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 feet for some time in normal years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are mainly used to grow corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay. Native vegetation is deciduous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 111 in north-central Indiana. The soils are of moderate extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Elkhart County, Indiana, 1997.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to 12 inches (Ap, BE horizons)
Argillic horizon: from 12 inches to 37 inches (Bt1, Bt2, and Btk horizons)
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features in the zone from 8 to 75 inches (BE, Bt1, Bt2, Btk, Cd1, Cd2, Cd3, and Cd4 horizons)
NASIS Data Mapunit ID 124279 represents the typical pedon.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available for the typical pedon (S95IN-039-7) from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. Transect data is on file for the typical pedon (T95IN-039-064) at the MLRA project office, Plymouth, Indiana. Transect shows 64 percent Kimmell, 9 percent Haskins, 9 percent Brady, 9 percent Brady-Arenic, and 9 percent Rawson soils.