LOCATION KIDDER WI+IL+MIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Kidder silt loam on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 885 feet above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine fibrous roots; common fine and medium, continuous, mostly exped dendritic pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 9 inches thick)
2BE--7 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) and brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine fibrous roots; common very fine and fine and few medium, continuous, mostly exped, dendritic pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)
2Bt1--11 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine fibrous roots; common fine and very fine and few medium, continuous, mostly exped, dendritic pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores and clay bridging of sand grains; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
2Bt2--17 to 28 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine fibrous roots; common fine and very fine, continuous, mostly exped, dendritic pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores and clay bridging of sand grains; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
2Bt3--28 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and very fine, continuous, obliquely oriented, inped and exped pores; very few thin clay films on faces of some peds and faint clay bridging of sand grains; about 14 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons ranges from 13 to 32 inches)
2C--30 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine and very fine continuous, obliquely oriented pores; about 34 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Rock County, Wisconsin; about 5 miles north of Milton; about 140 feet north and 2450 feet east of the center of the sec. 1, T. 4 N., R. 13 E. USGS Milton, Wisconsin topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 50 minutes 15 seconds N., and long. 88 degrees 53 minutes and 44 seconds W., UTM Zone 16. NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon and to carbonates ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Thickness of the loess mantle is less than 15 inches. Volume of gravel ranges from 0 to 20 percent in the solum and from 5 to 35 percent in the C horizon. Reaction typically ranges from slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the solum, but ranges to moderately acid in the Bt horizon in some pedons. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the C horizon and carbonates are present..
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Colors with moist value of 3 have value dry of 6 or more. Uncultivated pedons have A horizons with hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. Where there is a loess mantle, texture of the Ap or A is silt loam. Where the loess mantle is absent, texture is typically loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam, but in some pedons it is loamy fine sand. Texture is clay loam in severely eroded phases..
Some pedons have an E horizon with hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. In pedons with a loess mantle, texture is silt loam. Where the loess is absent, texture typically is loam or sandy loam, but in some pedons it is loamy fine sand.
The 2BE horizon (BE horizon in pedons where loess is thicker or is absent) has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. In pedons with thicker loess, texture is silt loam. Where loess is thinner or absent, texture is loam or sandy loam.
The 2Bt horizon (Bt horizon where the loess mantle is absent) has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Value and chroma of 3 do not occur together. Texture is dominantly loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam but subhorizons of sandy loam are in some pedons, especially in the lower part of the solum. The particle-size control section averages between 20 and 30 percent clay. Thin subhorizons with as much as 40 percent clay are in some pedons. The content of sand coarser than very fine ranges from 35 to 65 percent.
The 2C horizon (C horizon in pedons where the loess mantle is absent) has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or the gravelly analogs. Sand content ranges from 55 to 75 percent. Carbonates are present and the calcium carbonate equivalent ranges from 10 to 40 percent.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Chili, Cliftycreek, Crouse, Gallman, Greybrook, Hickory, High Gap, Kanawha, Kosciusko, Leroy, Lumberton, Martinsville, Military, Ockley, Pignut, Princeton, Relay, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, turnersburg, Wawaka, Wawasee, and Woodbine series. Amanda, Cliftycreek, Gallman, Greybrook, Hickory, Martinsville, Ockley, Richardville, and Riddles soils are more than 40 inches deep to carbonates. Belmont, Lumberton, Mifflin, Nollville, and Woodbine soils have a lithic contact below a depth of 40 inches. Belmore soils are stratified in the lower part of the series control section. Chili, Kanawha, Skelton, and turnersburg soils have no carbonates within the series control section. Crouse soils are more than 40 inches deep to the base of the argillic horizon. Hebron soils are stratified in the lower part of the series control section. High Gap and Military soils have a lithic contact at 20 to 40 inches. Kosciusko soils are sandy or sandy skeletal in the lower part, within a depth of 40 inches. Leroy soils have calcium carbonate equivalent of 60 to 90 percent in the till substratum. Mandeville and Pignut soils have a paralithic contact at 20 to 40 inches. Senachwine soils have 52 percent sand or less and more than 7 percent clay in the till substratum. Princeton soils have lamellae (E & Bt horizon) in the lower part of the series control section. Relay soils have hues of 2.5Y or yellower throughout. Strawn soils have less than 35 percent sand in the Bt horizon. Wawaka soils are more than 40 inches deep to the base of soil development. Wawasee soils have 35 to 55 percent sand in the till substratum.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kidder soils are on ground moraines, end moraines, and drumlins. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. These soils formed in thin loess and in loamy till or just in loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 36 inches. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 46 to 54 degrees F. The frost free period ranges from 135 to 190 days. Elevation ranges from 700 to 1300 feet.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Griswold, McHenry, Pardeeville, and Rotamer soils. Griswold and Rotamer soils are nearby on similar slopes, but have mollic epipedons. McHenry soils are nearby where the loess mantle is 15 to 30 inches thick. Pardeeville soils are nearby where the surface layers are dark-colored, but less than 10 inches thick.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges from negligible to very high. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderately rapid in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas are used for cropland. Common crops are corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay. Some areas are used for pastureland and some are in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest. Common trees are red oak, white oak, shagbark hickory, and white ash..
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, and northern Illinois. This soil is of large extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Rock County, Wisconsin, 1970.
REMARKS: A new series needs to be proposed for the moderately well drained phase of this series.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - 0 to 11 inches (Ap, BE); argillic horizon - 11 to 30 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3).