LOCATION DURAND IL+WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Durand silt loam on a north northwest-facing, convex, 5 percent slope in an alfalfa field at an elevation of 283 meters (930 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; friable; many fine and medium roots; layer compacted because of tillage practices; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to l2 inches) thick]
AB--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); 70 percent dark brown (10YR 3/3) and 30 percent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam; dark brown (10YR 3/3) crushed; brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 inches) thick]
Bt1--33 to 53 cm (13 to 21 inches); 90 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and 10 percent brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) crushed; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; common faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) organo-clay films on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to l0 inches) thick]
2Bt2--53 to 66 cm (21 to 26 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
2Bt3--66 to 89 cm (26 to 35 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; common faint reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent rounded gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
2Bt4--89 to 119 cm (35 to 47 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular and angular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; common faint reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent rounded gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
2Bt5--119 to 168 cm (47 to 66 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular and angular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; common faint reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; occasional streaks of reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay residuum weathered from dolomitic limestone; 5 percent rounded gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 76 to 137 cm (30 to 54 inches)]
2BC--168 to 196 cm (66 to 77 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 7 percent rounded gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 30 cm (0 to l2 inches) thick]
2C--196 to 218 cm (77 to 86 inches); variegated yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) sandy loam; massive; friable; l0 percent rounded gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Stephenson County, Illinois; about 1 mile northeast of Dakota; 600 feet south and 405 feet east of the northwest corner of section 30, T. 28 N., R. 9 E.; USGS Dakota topographic quadrangle; 42 degrees, 24 minutes, 08 seconds N., and long. 89 degrees, 30 minutes, 51 seconds W; NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 122 to 229 cm (48 to 90 inches). The thickness depends upon the degree of truncation of the paleosol before deposition of loess. Where sola are more than 5 feet thick, the content of the clay decreases more than 20 percent and the chroma is 4 or less within 152 cm (60 inches). The particle-size control section contains 27 to 35 percent clay and 15 to 35 percent fine sand and coarser. Depth to carbonates is greater than 122 cm (48
inches).
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is silt loam except severely eroded pedons are commonly silty clay loam. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to strongly acid where not limed.
The AB horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3, and chroma of 2 or 3.
Some pedons have a BA horizon rather than an AB horizon. In other pedons the Ap horizon directly overlies the top of the argillic horizon.
The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is silt loam or silty clay loam and has subangular blocky structure. Average sand content is less than 10 percent. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to strongly acid.
The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. At least one subhorizon has hue redder than 7.5YR on the faces of peds or in the matrix. It commonly is clay loam, but includes sandy clay loam, loam, or sandy loam and the gravelly analogues of these textures. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 30 percent. It commonly has subangular or angular blocky structure, but is prismatic in the lower part of some pedons. Reaction is moderately acid or strongly acid in the most acidic part, and commonly grades to slightly acid in the lower part.
The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is gravelly sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Atkinson,
Burchard,
Calmar,
Cokato,
Cresco,
Cresent,
Friesland,
Griswold,
Hitt,
Jasper,
Joslin,
Keosauqua,
Kishwaukee,
Marbletown, Moigona,
Morrill,
Nuxmaruhanixete,
Pana,
Parmod,
Penfield,
Reedslake,
Ringwood,
Rockton,
Schoolcraft,
Shelby,
Sibleyville,
Velma, and
Winnebago series. All of these soils except Atkinson, Calmar, Hitt, Joslin, Marbletown, Morrill, Pana, Rockton, Sibleyville, and Winnebago Atkinson soils average more than 40 percent
clay in the lower part of the series control section. Burchard, Cokato, Cresco, Cresent, Friesland, Griswold, Jasper, Keosauqua, Kishwaukee, Moigona, Nuxmaruhanixete Parmod, Penfield, Reedslake, Ringwood, Schoolcraft, Shelby and Velma soils do not have hue as red as 5YR in the argillic horizon. Calmar, Hitt, Marbletown, Rockton, and Sibleyville soils have a lithic or paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Joslin soils average less than 27 percent clay in the particle size control section. Morrill, Pana and Winnebago soils average more than 10 percent sand in the upper part of the argillic horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Durand soils are on undulating to hilly till plains and moraines. Slope gradients range from 1 to 20 percent. The upper part of the solum formed in 38 to 76 cm (15 to 30 inches) of loess or silty material and the lower part in reddish paleosols in loamy till. In some places the solum is underlain by calcareous till and in other places it rests directly on limestone bedrock at depths of 152 cm (5 feet) or greater. The mean annual temperature is 7 to 10 degrees C (45 to 50 degrees F), mean annual precipitation is 840 to 970 mm (33 and 38
inches), and frost free period is 140 to 160 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Argyle, Griswold, Ogle, Pecatonica and Tama soils. The Argyle and Pecatonica soils are on similar landforms as Durand soils near drainageways. Pecatonica soils do not have mollic epipedons. Griswold, Ogle, and Tama soils are on nearby landscapes. Tama soils generally are upslope and formed entirely in loess.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface runoff is low or medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is 4.23 to 14.11 micrometers per second (moderate permeability).
USE AND VEGETATION: Durand soils are used for growing cultivated crops and pasture. Major crops are corn, soybeans, small grain and meadow. Native vegetation is prairie grass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: northwestern and north central Illinois and south central Wisconsin. LRR?s K and M, MLRA?s 95B and 108. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Carroll County, Illinois, 1967.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon -- from a depth of 0 to 33 cm (0 to 13 inches) (Ap and AB horizons)
Argillic horizon -- from a depth of 33 to 168 cm (13 to 66 inches) (Bt1, 2Bt2, 2Bt3, 2Bt4, and 2Bt5 horizons)