LOCATION CROSWELL MI+WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods
TYPICAL PEDON: Croswell sand - on a 2 percent slope in a wooded area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Oe--0 to 2 centimeters (0 to 1 inch); partially decomposed forest litter; abrupt wavy boundary; extremely acid.
A-- 2 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches); black (10YR 2/1) sand, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine and medium and few coarse roots; about 30 percent uncoated sand grains from the E horizon; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 10 centimeters (0 to 4 inches) thick]
E-- 5 to 13 centimeters (2 to 5 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/2) sand, pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium and few coarse roots; about 2 percent gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 38 centimeters (0 to 15 inches) thick]
Bs1-- 13 to 28 centimeters (5 to 11 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and medium and few coarse roots; about 2 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bs2--28 to 41 centimeters (11 to 16 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and medium and few coarse roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bs horizons is 23 to 71 centimeters (9 to 28 inches).]
BC--41 to 76 centimeters (16 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sand; single grain; loose; common fine and medium roots; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation beginning at about 64 centimeters (25 inches); about 3 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 58 centimeters (0 to 23 inches) thick.]
C--76 to 203 centimeters (30 to 80 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand; single grain; loose; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; about 3 percent gravel; moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Crawford County, Michigan; about 3 miles west of the town of Lovells; 1,250 feet north and 1200 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 15, T. 28 N., R. 1 W. USGS Lovells, MI 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle; lat. 44 degrees 48 minutes 59 seconds N., long. 84 degrees 25 minutes 03 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The solum ranges from 38 to 114 cm (15 to 45 inches) thick. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 15 percent throughout the pedon. Cobble content of the solum ranges from 0 to 30 percent. The depth to redox concentrations (Fe masses) ranges from 46 to 102 centimeters (18 to 40 inches).
The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. Cultivated areas have an Ap horizon that has a hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. The A or Ap horizons are sand, loamy sand, cobbly sand or cobbly loamy sand. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid.
The E horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 or 3. The E horizon is sand, loamy sand, cobbly sand or cobbly loamy sand. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid.
The Bs1 horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 4 to 6. Pedons with hue of 7.5YR, value of 4 and chroma of 6 have common distinct cracked coatings on sand grains. It is sand, loamy sand, cobbly sand or cobbly loamy sand. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.
The Bs2 horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The Bs2 horizons are sand, loamy sand, cobbly sand, or cobbly loamy sand. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. The Bs horizons contain from 0 to 30 percent ortstein.
The BC horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sand, loamy sand, cobbly sand or cobbly loamy sand. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. Clay content of the 25 to 102 centimeter control section (10 to 40 inches) is less than 15 percent.
The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sand. It ranges from strongly acid to moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Croswood, Cublake, Gilchrist, Halfaday, Heinz, Manitowish, and Mattix series. Croswood and Gilchrist soils have less than 85 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Cublake soils are underlain by stratified loamy and sandy lacustrine materials. Halfaday soils are higher in sesquioxides and organic carbon. Manitowish soils have a loamy mantle 38 to 51 centimeters (15 to 20 inches) thick. Mattix soils have a loamy mantle 38 to 76 centimeters (15 to 30 inches) thick and are saturated from 15 to 46 centimeters (0.5 to 1.5 feet) during the winter. Noseum soils have a loamy mantle 25 to 51 centimeters (10 to 20 inches) thick.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Croswell soils are sandy deposits on low dunes, stream terraces, lake terraces, outwash plains, lake plains, or ground moraines. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 690 to 860 millimeters (27 to 34 inches), and the mean annual temperature from 5 to 7.2 degrees C (41 to 45 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Au Gres, Deford, Kalkaska, Kinross, and Rubicon soils. The somewhat poorly drained Au Gres and the poorly drained Deford and Kinross soils are in lower landscape positions or depressions. The excessively drained Rubicon and somewhat excessively drained Kalkaska soils are on higher landscape positions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The representative depth to wet soil moisture status ranges from 61 to 107 centimeters (2.0 to 3.5 feet) below the surface at some time during the months of October through June. Surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is in forest, permanent pasture, or idle cropland; however, a small amount is cropped mainly to small grain and hay. Wooded areas support mixed hardwoods and conifers, including quaking aspen, black cherry, paper birch, bigtooth aspen, red pine, eastern white pine, jack pine, northern red oak, and red maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Lower Peninsula and Upper Peninsula of Michigan, northern Minnesota, and northern Wisconsin. The series is of large extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Albic horizon - the zone from 5 to 13 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) (E horizon); Spodic horizon - the zone from 13 to 76 centimeters (5 to 16 inches) (Bs1 and Bs2 horizon). Oxyaquic feature - redox accumulations and saturation below the spodic horizon but within 102 centimeters (40 inches) for 1 month or more per year in most years.
The loamy substratum and till substratum phases are no longer within the concept of the series.
The type location was moved to a more representative site and described to 203 centimeters (80 inches).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Records: MI0187; MI0570 (COBBLY)