LOCATION CROSWELL MI+WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods
TYPICAL PEDON: Croswell sand - on a 3 percent slope in a wooded area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
A--0 to 1 inch; black (10YR 2/1) sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 4 inches thick)
E--1 to 7 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) sand; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick)
Bs1--7 to 9 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; common (about 15 percent) distinct cracked coatings on sand grains; strongly acid; clear irregular boundary.
Bs2--9 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; common (about 15 percent) distinct cracked coatings on sand grains; slightly acid; clear irregular boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bs horizon is 9 to 28 inches.)
BC--16 to 39 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sand; single grain; loose; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron accumulations beginning at about 25 inches; common fine roots; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 23 inches thick)
C--39 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots; slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Cheboygan County, Michigan; about 3 miles northeast of the town of Alverno; 1,240 feet south and 700 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 13, T. 37 N., R. 1 W. USGS Manning, MI 7.5 minute quadrangle; lat. 45 degrees 35 minutes 48 seconds N., long. 84 degrees 22 minutes 24 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The solum is 20 to 45 inches thick. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 15 percent throughout the pedon. Cobble content of the solum ranges from 0 to 30 percent. The depth to redox concentrations (Fe masses) ranges from 18 to 40 inches.
The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. Cultivated areas have an Ap horizon that has a hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. The A or Ap horizons are sand, loamy sand, cobbly sand or cobbly loamy sand. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid.
The E horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma is 1 or 2. The E horizon is sand, loamy sand, cobbly sand or cobbly loamy sand. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid.
The Bs1 horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. Pedons with hue of 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 6 or 8 have common distinct cracked coatings on sand grains. It is sand, loamy sand, cobbly sand or cobbly loamy sand. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.
The Bs2 horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. The Bs2 horizon does not have value and chroma of 3 occurring together. The Bs2 horizons are sand, loamy sand, cobbly sand, or cobbly loamy sand. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. The Bs horizons contain from 0 to 30 percent ortstein.
The BC horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. It is sand, loamy sand, cobbly sand or cobbly loamy sand. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. Clay content of the the 10 to 40 inch control section is less than 15 percent.
The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. It is sand. It ranges from strongly acid to moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Croswood, Cublake, Gilchrist, Halfaday, Heinz, Manitowish, Mattix, Springstead(T) series. Croswood and Gilchrist soils have less than 85 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Cublake soils are underlain by stratified loamy and sandy lacustrine materials. Halfaday soils are higher in sesquioxides and organic carbon. Manitowish soils have a loamy mantle 15 to 20 inches thick. Mattix soils have a loamy mantle 15 to 30 inches thick and are saturated from 0.5 to 1.5 feet during the winter. Neconish soils have a particle size control section that averages 50 percent or more fine sand. Noseum soils have a loamy mantle 10 to 20 inches thick. Springstead soils have a densic contact within the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Croswell soils are on sandy areas, such as low dunes, stream terraces, lake terraces, outwash plains, lake plains, or ground moraines. Slopes range from 0 to 18 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 27 to 34 inches, and the mean annual temperature from 41 to 45 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Au Gres, Kalkaska, Manistee, Menominee, Roscommon, and Rubicon soils. The somewhat poorly drained Au Gres, somewhat excessively drained Kalkaska, poorly or very poorly drained Roscommon, and excessively drained Rubicon soils are the most common associates. Manistee and Menominee soils are associated in some areas where the sandy layers are underlain by loamy or clayey materials.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. The representative depth to wet soil moisture status ranges from 2.0 to 3.5 feet below the surface at some time during the months of October through June. Surface runoff is negligible or very low. Permeability is rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is in forest, permanent pasture, or idle cropland; however, a small amount is cropped mainly to small grain and hay. Wooded areas support mixed hardwoods and conifers, including quaking aspen, black cherry, paper birch, bigtooth aspen, red pine, eastern white pine, jack pine, northern red oak, and red maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Lower Peninsula and Upper Peninsula of Michigan, northern Minnesota, and northern Wisconsin. The series is of large extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to 7 inches (A and E horizons); albic horizon - the zone from 1 to 7 inches (E horizon); spodic horizon - the zone from 7 to 16 inches (Bs1 and Bs2 horizon).
The loamy substratum and till substratum phases are no longer within the concept of the series.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Records: MI0187; MI0570 (COBBLY)