LOCATION COLOMA WI+IL IN MI MN IAEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Lamellic Udipsamments
TYPICAL PEDON: Coloma loamy sand - on a convex 4 percent slope, in a wooded area, at an elevation of about 347 meters (1,140 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
A--0 to 10 centimeters (0 to 4 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loamy sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; about 2 percent gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [4 to 13 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) thick]
Bw1--10 to 38 centimeters (4 to 15 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common medium roots; many very fine irregular pores; about 2 percent gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw2--38 to 99 centimeters (15 to 39 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common medium roots; about 1 percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt broken boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bw horizon ranges from 50 to 115 centimeters (20 to 45 inches).]
E and Bt--99 to 203 centimeters (39 to 80 inches); about 90 percent light brown (7.5YR 6/4) sand (E), pink (7.5YR 7/4) dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; about 10 percent brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand (Bt) consisting of several wavy and discontinuous lamellae 0.3 to 4 centimeters (1/8 to 1.5 inches) thick (total thickness equal to 13 centimeters (5 inches); weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay bridges between sand grains; few fine roots; about 7 percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles; moderately acid. [30 to more than 150 centimeters (12 to more than 60 inches) thick]
TYPE LOCATION: Waushara County, Wisconsin; about 3 miles southwest of Coloma; located about 400 feet south and 1,150 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 29, T. 18 N., R. 8 E.; USGS Coloma, Wisconsin topographic quadrangle; lat. 44 degrees 00 minutes 35 seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 34 minutes and 00 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the first lamellae ranges from 50 to 150 centimeters (20 to 60 inches). Total thickness of the lamellae is less than 15 centimeters (6 inches) to a depth of 200 centimeters (80 inches). Mean annual soil temperature ranges from 9 to 12 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). The particle-size control section averages less than 50 percent fine sand and more 25 percent or more medium, coarse, and very coarse sand. Volume of gravel ranges from 0 to 15 percent and volume of cobbles ranges from 0 to 5 percent throughout. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid above the lamellae but ranges to neutral, where the soil is limed. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper part of the E and Bt horizon and from strongly acid to neutral in the lower part and in the substratum.
The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Cultivated pedons have an Ap horizon with hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. The A horizon is loamy sand or sand.
Some pedons have thin E horizons with hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture is sand or loamy sand.
The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is mostly sand or loamy sand but some pedons have subhorizons of fine sand or loamy fine sand. Coloma soils have an E and Bt horizon (lamellae). The E part has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. The Bt part has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is typically loamy sand but in some pedons it is sandy loam or sand.
Some pedons have a C horizon with hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sand.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Chelsea, Colonie, Grinter, Lakin, and Millrock series. Chelsea and Colonie soils have more than 50 percent fine sand in the particle-size control section. Grinter soils do not have a cambic horizon. Lakin soils have the first lamellae within a depth of 50 centimeters (20 inches). Millrock have buried A horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Coloma soils are on moraines, outwash plains, deltas and stream terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. These soils formed in sandy drift. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 700 to 950 millimeters (28 to 37 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 8 to 11 degrees C (46 to 51 degrees F). The frost-free period ranges from 135 to 175 days. Elevation ranges from 183 to 427 meters (600 to 1400 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Kranski, Mecan, Metea, Okee, Plainfield, Richford and Spinks soils. Kranski, Metea and Mecan soils are nearby on moraines, formed in sandy and loamy till, and have argillic horizons. Okee soils are nearby on moraines and have 50 to 100 centimeters (20 to 40 inch) of a sandy outwash or eolian mantle over loamy till. Plainfield soils are on landscape positions similar to those of Coloma soils and does not have lamellae. Richford soils are on landscape positions similar to those of Coloma soils and have a thin sandy loam argillic horizon. Spinks soils have total accumulations of lamellae greater than 15 centimeters (6 inches) thick.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat excessively drained or excessively drained. Saturated hydraulic conductivity ranges from 10.00 to 705.00 micrometers per second (high or very high). Permeability is rapid in the Bw and E parts and moderately rapid or rapid in the lamellae. These soils are very rarely flooded or rarely flooded for very brief or brief duration on stream terraces with slopes of less than 5 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil are in second and third growth timber or in pasture. A few areas are managed for forage production. Some areas are irrigated and cultivated. The native vegetation is mainly deciduous trees (pin oaks).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and southern Wisconsin, northern Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and southern Michigan. These soils are large in extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Waushara County, Wisconsin, 1909.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 25 to 100 centimeters;
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 200 centimeters.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 10 centimeters (0 to 4 inches) (A horizon);
cambic horizon--the zone from a depth of 10 to 99 centimeters (4 to 39 inches) (Bw1 and Bw2 horizons);
udic moisture regime.
Lamellic subgroup--lamellae with total thickness of less than 15 centimeters in the series control section (E and Bt horizon)
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, 2006.
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory data--National Soil Survey Laboratory; Lincoln, Nebraska - user pedon ID 78WI137002 (http://ssldata.nrcs.usda.gov/).